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關(guān)于時(shí)態(tài)的英語語法經(jīng)典例題
1. “I _____ his telephone number.” “I have his number, but I ____ to bring my phone book.”
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
【陷阱】容易誤選A，認(rèn)為“忘記”是現(xiàn)在的事。
【分析】仔細(xì)體會一下對話的語境：第一個(gè)人說“我忘記他的電話號碼了”，這個(gè)“忘記”應(yīng)該是現(xiàn)在的情況，即現(xiàn)在忘記了，要不然就沒有必要同對方說此話了，故第一空應(yīng)填 forget;第二個(gè)人說“我有他的號碼，但我忘記帶電話本了”，這個(gè)“忘記”應(yīng)該是過去的情況，即過去忘記帶電話本，所以現(xiàn)在電話本不在身上(注意句中的轉(zhuǎn)折連詞 but)，故第二空應(yīng)填 forgot，即答案選應(yīng)C。請?jiān)倏匆焕?/p>
— Oh, I ______ where he lives.
— Don’t you carry your address book?
No, I ______ to bring it.
A. forget, forget B. forgot, forgot
C. forget, forgot D. forgot, forget
答案選C，理由同上。
2. I had hoped to see her off at the station, but I _____ too busy.
A. was B. had been
C. would be D. would have been
【陷阱】容易誤選B或D，認(rèn)為前句用了had hoped，所以此句謂語要用B或D與之呼應(yīng)。
【分析】但正確答案為A，前一句謂語用had hoped，表示的是過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法或打算，可以譯為“本想”，而后一句說“我太忙”，這是陳述過去的一個(gè)事實(shí)，所以要用一般過去時(shí)。請做以下類似試題(答案均為A)：
(1) We had hoped to catch the 10:20 train, but _____ it was gone.
A. found B. had found
C. would find D. would have found
(2) We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you _____.
A. didn’t B. hadn’t
C. needn’t D. would not have
(3) We had wanted to come to see him, but we ____ no time.
A. had B. had had
C. would have D. would have had
(4) I had expected to come over to see you last night, but someone ______ and I couldn’t get away.
A. called B. had called
C. would call D. would have called
(5) The traffic accident wouldn’t have happened yesterday, but the driver _______ really careless.
A. was B. is
C. were D. had been
3. Dear me! Just _____ at the time! I _____ no idea it was so late.
A. look, have B. looking, had
C. look, had D. looking, have
【陷阱】此題容易誤選D，認(rèn)為第一空用現(xiàn)在分詞表伴隨，第二空填 have 的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，以保持與前面時(shí)態(tài)的一致性。
【分析】其實(shí)，此題應(yīng)選C，第一空應(yīng)填 look, 因?yàn)檫@是祈使句的謂語;第二空應(yīng)填 had，因?yàn)榍耙痪湔f“看看時(shí)間吧”，這一看當(dāng)然知道了現(xiàn)在很遲的情形，“不知道這么遲了”顯然應(yīng)是“過去”的事，故應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)，許多同學(xué)由于忽略這一隱含的語境而誤選。
4. “Your phone number again? I _____ quite catch it.” “It’s 4331577”
A. didn’t B. couldn’t
C. don’t D. can’t
【陷阱】此題容易誤選C，認(rèn)為此處要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，表示現(xiàn)在“沒聽清對方的話”。
【分析】其實(shí)，此題答案應(yīng)選A，根據(jù)上文的語境“請把你的電話號碼再說一遍好嗎?”可知“沒聽清對方的電話號碼”應(yīng)是在說此話以前，故應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。請看以下類似試題：
(1) “Mr Smith isn’t coming tonight.” “ But he _____.”
A. promises B. promised
C. will promise D. had promised
答案選B，“他答應(yīng)(要來)”應(yīng)發(fā)生在過去。
(2) “Hey, look where you are going!” “Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _____.”
A. I’m not noticing B. I wasn’t noticing
C. I haven’t noticed D. I don’t notice
答案選B，“我沒注意”是對方提醒之前的事，現(xiàn)經(jīng)對方一提醒，當(dāng)然注意到了。
(3) “Oh it’s you ! I ________ you.” “I’ve had my hair cut.”
A. didn’t realize B. haven’t realized
C. didn’t recognize D. don’t recognized
答案選C�！皼]認(rèn)出是你”是說此話之前的事，說此話時(shí)顯然已經(jīng)認(rèn)出了對方。
(4) “What’s her new telephone number?” “Oh, I _____.”
A. forget B. forgot
C. had forgotten D. am forgetting
此題應(yīng)選A，從語境上看，“忘記”的時(shí)間應(yīng)是現(xiàn)在，即指現(xiàn)在不記得了。
(5) “Since you’ve agreed to go, why aren’t you getting ready?” “But I ______ that you would have me start at once.”
A. don’t realize B. didn’t realize
C. hadn’t realized D. haven’t realized
答案選B。“沒意識到”是對方提醒之前的事。
(6) “It’s twelve o’clock, I think I must be off now.” “Oh, really? I ______ it at all.”
A. don’t realize B. haven’t realized
C. didn’t realize D. hadn’t realized
答案選C�！皼]意識到”是在聽到的話之前的事。
5. Mr Smith ______ a book about China last year but I don’t know whether he has finished it.
A. has written B. wrote
C. had written D. was writing
【陷阱】容易誤選B或C。
【分析】此題應(yīng)選D，這是由 but I don’t know whether he has finished it 這一句話的語境決定的，全句意為“史密斯先生去年在寫一本書，但我不知道他現(xiàn)在是否寫完了”。有的同學(xué)可能由于受 last year的影響而誤選B。但若選B，則句子前半部分的意思則變?yōu)椤笆访芩瓜壬ツ陮懥艘槐緯保热皇恰皩懥恕�，那么這與下文的“但我不知道他現(xiàn)在是否寫完了”相矛盾。
6. He has changed a lot. He _______ not what he _______.
A. is, is B. was, was
C. is, was D. was, is
【陷阱】幾個(gè)干擾項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。
【分析】最佳答案選C，上文說“他”變化很大，即“他”現(xiàn)在不是過去的那個(gè)樣子了，故第一空填is，第二空填 was(其實(shí)第二空也可用 used to be)。請看類例：
“What place is it?” “Haven’t you found out we _____ back where we ______?”
A. were, had been B. have been, are
C. are, were D. are, had been
答案選C，We are back where we were 的意思是“我們(現(xiàn)在)又回到剛才來過的地方”。
7. He is very busy. I don’t know if he _____ or not tomorrow.
A. come B. comes
C. will come D. is coming
【陷阱】此題容易誤選B。認(rèn)為 if 引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句，從句謂語要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來意義。
【分析】其實(shí)，此題答案應(yīng)選C，句中if引導(dǎo)的不是條件狀語從句(即if≠如果)，而是賓語從句(即if=是否)，句意為“他很忙，我不知道明天他是否會來。”請看以下類似試題：
(1) I don’t know if she _____, but if she ____ I will let you know.
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案選 D，第一個(gè) if 引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，第二個(gè) if 引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句。
(2) “When _____ he come?” “I don’t know, but when he _____, I’ll tell you.”
A. does, comes B. will, will come
C. does, will come D. will, comes
答案選 D，第一個(gè) when 疑問副詞，用于引出一個(gè)特殊疑問句;第二個(gè) when是從屬連詞，用于引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句。
(3) “When he _____ is not known yet.” “But when he ____, he will be warmly welcomed.”
A. comes, comes B. will come, will come
C. comes, will come D. will come, comes
答案選 D，第一個(gè) when 引導(dǎo)的是主語從句，第二個(gè) when引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語從句。
8. The bridge, which _____ 1688, needs repairing.
A. is dated from B. was dated from
C. dates from D. dated from
【陷阱】此題容易誤選B或D，認(rèn)為句中用了 1688 這個(gè)過去時(shí)間，所以應(yīng)選過去時(shí)態(tài)，又因?yàn)?date from 不用于被動語態(tài)，所以只能選D。
【分析】其實(shí)此題的最佳答案應(yīng)是C，因?yàn)?date from 的意思是“自某時(shí)起存在至今”(=have existed since)，它通常用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，而不用過去時(shí)態(tài)(盡管其后接的總是表示過去的時(shí)間)。如：
The church dates from 1176. 這座教堂是六世紀(jì)建的。
The castle dates from the 14th century. 這座城堡是14世紀(jì)建的。
但若所談?wù)摰臇|西現(xiàn)在已不復(fù)存在，則可用一般過去時(shí)。如：
The church, which dated from the 13th century, was destroyed in an earthquake two years ago. 那座教堂是13世紀(jì)建成的，兩年前在一次地震中被毀了。
注：與 date from 同義的 date back to 也有類似用法。
9. “You’ve left the light on.” “Oh, so I have. _____ and turn it off.”
A. I’ll go B. I’ve gone
C. I go D. I’m going
【陷阱】容易誤選D。
【分析】A和D兩者均可表示將來，填入空格處似乎都可以。但實(shí)際上只有A是最佳的，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)上下文的語境來看，“我去把燈關(guān)掉”這一行為是說話人聽了對方的話后臨時(shí)想到的，而不是事先準(zhǔn)備的。而按英語習(xí)慣：will 和 be going to后接動詞原形均可表示意圖，但意圖有強(qiáng)弱之分，如果是事先考慮過的意圖，要用 be going to;如果不是事先考慮過的，而是說話時(shí)刻才臨時(shí)想到的意圖，則用 will。比較：
“I’ve come out without any money.” “Never mind, I will lend you some.” “我出來沒帶錢�！薄皼]關(guān)系，我借給你�！�(句中用will lend，表示“借”錢給對方是臨時(shí)想到的，即聽了對方的話后臨時(shí)作出的反應(yīng))
I’ve bought a typewriter and I’m going to learn to type. 我買了臺打字機(jī)，我想學(xué)打字。(句中用 be going to learn to type，表示說話人要學(xué)打字是事先準(zhǔn)備的，并為此買了臺打字機(jī))
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