虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測(cè)或建議,而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語(yǔ)氣通過(guò)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來(lái)表示。下面分別介紹虛擬語(yǔ)氣在各種句式中的用法。
1. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于條件狀語(yǔ)從句
注意:主句中的should通常用于第一人稱,would可用于任何人稱,同時(shí)也可根據(jù)意思用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could, might等代替should, would。
1)表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反:
If I were you, I should stay at home.
If the peasants could farm the land themselves, food production would be much higher.
If fewer cash crops were grown, more food could be produced and there would be less or no starvation.
2)表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反:
If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.
If the hurricane had happened during the daytime, there would have been many deaths.
3)表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反:If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting.
If it were to/should rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off.
If it should rain, the crops would be saved.
4)當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致時(shí),動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整。例如:If you had followed the doctor's advice, you would be quite all right now. (從句說(shuō)的是過(guò)去,主句指的是現(xiàn)在.)
5)以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成下列形式:①?gòu)木涫÷詉f,用倒裝句式"were, had, should+主語(yǔ)"。例如:Were I in school again, I would work harder. Had you been here earlier, you would have seen him. Should there be a meeting tomorrow, I would come.②用介詞短語(yǔ)代替條件狀語(yǔ)從句。例如:Without air, there would be no living things. I would not have succeeded but for your help.
2.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于賓語(yǔ)從句
1)"wish+賓語(yǔ)從句"表示不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,漢語(yǔ)可譯為"可惜……"、"……就好了"、"悔不該……"、"但愿……"等。表示現(xiàn)在不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式;表示將來(lái)不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,用"would(could)+動(dòng)詞原形";表示過(guò)去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,用"had+過(guò)去分詞"或"(could)would + have + 過(guò)去分詞"。例如:
I wish we could go to the seaside today.
I wish you told me earlier.
We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.
2)虛擬語(yǔ)氣在動(dòng)詞arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest 等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中,用"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。例如:
I suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
They demanded that the black people should be treated as well as white people.
注意:insist作"力言"、"強(qiáng)調(diào)"解時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。只有當(dāng)insist作"堅(jiān)持(應(yīng)該)"解時(shí),賓語(yǔ)從句才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如:
Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.
I insisted that you give me my money back.
3.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句做advice, idea, order, demand, plan, proposal, suggestion, request 等名詞的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。例如:
We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should)go to Beijing for sightseeing.
My idea is that he (should) do exercises first.
4.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于以as if(as though)引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句或狀語(yǔ)從句
如果從句表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí);表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用"had+過(guò)去分詞";表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用"would(might, could )+動(dòng)詞原形"。例如:
He looked at me as if I were mad.
He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.
It looks as if it might rain.
但as if(as though)后的從句也常用陳述語(yǔ)氣,這是因?yàn)閺木渲械那闆r往往是可能發(fā)生的或可能被設(shè)想為真實(shí)的。例如:
It looks as if our side is going to win.
5.虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于主語(yǔ)從句
在主語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)用"should+動(dòng)詞原形"的結(jié)構(gòu),表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等。例如:
It is necessary (important, natural, desirable, advisable, strange, etc.) that we should clean the room every day.
It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that you should be so careless.
It will be desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.) that she should finish her homework this afternoon.
在上述三種主語(yǔ)從句中,should意為"應(yīng)該"、"竟然",可以省去,但不可換用would。主句所用動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不限。
注意:這種從句表示的是事實(shí)。如果說(shuō)話人對(duì)這種事實(shí)表示驚奇,就可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。反之,如果不表示驚奇,that從句也可用陳述語(yǔ)氣。例如:
It is strange that he did not come yesterday.
It is a pity that you can't swim.