考研英語(yǔ)作文文體區(qū)別

學(xué)人智庫(kù) 時(shí)間:2018-02-08 我要投稿
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  以下是CN人才網(wǎng)小編提供的考研英語(yǔ)作文文體區(qū)別,快來(lái)看看吧。

  老師在批改學(xué)生作文時(shí),普遍有一種感覺(jué):學(xué)生的作文大多用詞簡(jiǎn)單、結(jié)構(gòu)松散,從語(yǔ)體角度分析,正式程度都較低,呈口語(yǔ)化的傾向。很多同學(xué)在寫(xiě)作時(shí)都忽略了大作文對(duì)正式文體的要求。正式文體與非正式文體的區(qū)別表現(xiàn)在用詞、語(yǔ)法上。

  以2009年的大作文為例,該作文為圖畫(huà)作文,圖畫(huà)是一張蜘蛛網(wǎng)上有很多人上網(wǎng)。圖畫(huà)中的中文提示詞為:互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的“遠(yuǎn)與近”,題目給出的要求是考生簡(jiǎn)要描述圖畫(huà),闡明其含義,并發(fā)表評(píng)論。下面特意選擇了考生大作文中普遍存在的非正式用語(yǔ),并給出相應(yīng)的正式用語(yǔ)進(jìn)行比較。

  兩種文體在語(yǔ)言特征上的主要差異首先表現(xiàn)在用詞上,體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面:

  1. 正式文體常使用正式用語(yǔ),非正式文體則常使用非正式用語(yǔ),這兩類(lèi)不同的用語(yǔ)是在長(zhǎng)期的使用過(guò)程中被約定俗成地固定下來(lái)的。比如以下非正式用語(yǔ)一欄中的詞匯在考生大作文中普遍存在,可修改為右欄正式用語(yǔ)中的表達(dá):

非正式用語(yǔ) 正式用語(yǔ) crime offense people individuals cut down reduce serious severe/grave harm damage(or destroy/undermine/jeopardise) job position

  具體而言,源于法語(yǔ)、拉丁語(yǔ)、希臘語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)多用于正式文體;源于古英語(yǔ)的詞語(yǔ)則多用于非正式文體。試比較:

  We should investigate the root cause of the problem.

  We should look into the root cause of the problem.

  Investigate源于拉丁語(yǔ),屬正式文體用語(yǔ),而look into是古英語(yǔ)詞匯成分,屬非正式文體用語(yǔ)。

  2. 現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中的縮略詞及縮約詞多用于非正式文體,其相應(yīng)的非縮略或非縮約形式則常出現(xiàn)在正式文體中。很多考生都忽略了這一區(qū)別,以下非正式用語(yǔ)欄中的表達(dá)都是從考生大作文中選出的,可修改為右欄正式用語(yǔ)中的表達(dá)。

縮略詞 正式用語(yǔ) 縮約詞 正式用語(yǔ) ad advertisement shouldn’t should not phone telephone won’t will not TV television there’s there is e.g。 for example don’t do not paper newspaper I’ve I have PC personal computer they’re they are

  Informl: People can’t put up with the alienation brought by the Internet.3. 很多考生使用了很多短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,而這正是非正式文體的一大特征,正式文體則常用與之同義的單個(gè)動(dòng)詞。試比較:

  Formal: Individuals cannot tolerate the alienation brought by the Internet.

  Informal: In this day and age, many people can make use of the Internet via computers or mobile phones.

  Formal: In this day and age, many individuals can utilise the Internet via computers or mobile phones.

  兩種文體在語(yǔ)言特征上的第二類(lèi)主要差異體現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)法上,具體包括以下幾個(gè)方面:

  1. 在構(gòu)成比較句型時(shí),很多考生選擇使用了人稱(chēng)代詞的賓格形式,其實(shí)使用人稱(chēng)代詞的主格形式要顯得更正式些。

  Informal: He spent more time playing computer games than me.

  Formal: He spent more time playing computer games than I.

  2. 在表達(dá)“讓步”概念時(shí),很多考生選擇使用的but, anyway, all the same, though, although等為非正式文體常用詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)。正式文體則常使用yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of (despite), notwithstanding等詞語(yǔ),

  Informal: He tried to overcome his addiction to the Internet, but he failed.

  Formal: He endeavoured to overcome his addiction to the Internet; however, it turned out to be a failure.

  3. 在構(gòu)成“方式狀語(yǔ)”時(shí),很多考生偏愛(ài)使用副詞,而這正是非正式文體常用的表達(dá)方式,正式文體則常用介詞和與該副詞同根的詞構(gòu)成的介詞短語(yǔ):

  Informal: It’s very important to….

  Formal: It is of great importance to….

  4. 在表達(dá)“原因”、“后果”等概念時(shí),很多考生由于水平所限,總是使用非正式文體常用的so,because或其他形式的表示原因的從句,正式文體則常用 on account of, accordingly, thus, hence, consequently, owing to (the fact that…)等詞或詞組,且比較經(jīng)常地運(yùn)用分詞短語(yǔ)、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等。

  Informal: Since computers had proliferated, many people become addicted to the Internet.

  Formal: Computers having proliferated, many people become addicted to the Internet.

  5. 在構(gòu)成表示“目的”的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),很多考生使用具有非正式文體色彩的so as to;其實(shí),用in order that引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句常出現(xiàn)于正式文體中:

  Informal: We should do more outdoor activities so as to enrich our life.

  Formal: We should do more outdoor activities in order that our life gets enriched.

  6. 很多考生不會(huì)使用由引導(dǎo)詞it引導(dǎo)的句子(如it is said that…),實(shí)際上,這一結(jié)構(gòu)多見(jiàn)于正式文體,不用這一結(jié)構(gòu)而表達(dá)同一意義的句子多見(jiàn)于非正式文體:

  Informal: The number of students in the classroom has been going down.

  Formal: It has been noted with concern that the number of students attending class has been declining alarmingly.

  7. 很多考生省略關(guān)系代詞、連詞、介詞,這些情況多見(jiàn)于非正式文體。

  Informal: He flunked many courses. He had been expelled from the college.

  Formal: He flunked so many courses that he had been expelled from the college.

  Informal: He dealt with the problem the way his classmates does.

  Formal: He dealt with the problem in the way his classmates does.

  Informal: We should prevent it going from bad to worse.

  Formal: We should prevent it from going from bad to worse.

  8. 在表達(dá)“請(qǐng)求某人做某事時(shí)”,很多考生選擇使用具有非正式文體色彩的主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句式,而沒(méi)有使用具有正式文體色彩的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句式。

  Informal: Please communicate more with your friends and family.

  Formal: More communication with your friends and family is needed.

  9. 很多考生未能正確使用某些不定代詞、動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu),不太注意句子的主謂一致,未能體現(xiàn)文章的正式文體風(fēng)。

  Informal: Everybody should look after themselves.

  Formal: Everybody should look after himself.

  Informal: Everyone should do their best.

  Formal: Everyone should do his best.

  Informal: I’m not surprised at him failing the course.Formal: I am not surprised at his failing the course.

  考生應(yīng)該在注意把握信息點(diǎn),注意信件的種類(lèi)(即正式文體和非正式文體)。如果應(yīng)用文考題是寫(xiě)給公司單位就要采用正式文體,如果考題是給朋友的話,就應(yīng)當(dāng)用非正式的普通用語(yǔ)考研英語(yǔ)閱讀材料。對(duì)于正式文體,我們可以背誦有關(guān)投訴信,詢(xún)問(wèn)信,請(qǐng)求信,道歉信,感謝信,建議信,求職信,辭職信,邀請(qǐng)信的一些慣用表達(dá)。而非正式文體我們同樣要注意詞句方面不要寫(xiě)錯(cuò),要準(zhǔn)確多樣。