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怎樣寫好英語段落（二）
段落發(fā)展的手段及結(jié)尾段的寫法在上一講我們講了主題句，推展句的寫法；這一講我們要進一步來談一談段落發(fā)展的幾種手段以及結(jié)尾段的寫法。
段落發(fā)展的幾種手段
1． 列舉法(details)
作者運用列舉法，是通過列舉一系列的論據(jù)對topic sentence中擺出的論點進行廣泛、全面地陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可以按照所列各點內(nèi)容的相對重要性、時間、空間等進行。
Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didn't hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didn't read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadn't gone to the meeting. Then I didn't notice a sign on a door that said "Wet Paint" and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldn't get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.
根據(jù)本段主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組everything I did went wrong，作者列舉了8點內(nèi)容，分別由first, then, during the coffee break, after lunch time等連接詞語引出，使得該文條理清楚、脈絡(luò)分明、內(nèi)容連貫。
常用于列舉法的過渡連接詞有：for one thing , for another, finally, besides, moreover, one another , still another, first, second, also等。
2. 舉例法(example)
作者通過舉出具體事例來闡述、說明主題句的內(nèi)容，嚴格地講，舉例法也是列舉法的一種，它們的區(qū)別在于：列舉法側(cè)重羅列事實，所列事實力求全面；而舉例法側(cè)重通過舉出典型事例來解釋作者觀點，且事例可多可少。
我們來看下面這個用舉例法展開的段落。
There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. For example, those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games. For another example, if they prefer to exercise alone, they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening. Besides, people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter. In short, no matter what their interests are, people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.
本段采用了三個事例來說明主題句中的關(guān)鍵詞組different forms of exercises，這三個例子分別由連接詞for example, for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引導(dǎo)的結(jié)尾句總結(jié)全段內(nèi)容。
舉例法中常用的連接詞有：for example (instance), one example is, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition等。
3. 敘述法(narration)
敘述法發(fā)展段落主要是按照事物本身的時間或空間的排列順序，通過對一些特有過渡連接詞的使用，有層次分步驟地表達主題句的一種寫作手段。用這種方法展開段落，作者能夠清楚連貫地交待事物的本末，從而可以使讀者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含義，例如：
In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping.
這段是按照事物發(fā)展的先后順序，敘述從發(fā)現(xiàn)案情、報警、到警察趕到、包圍現(xiàn)場的過程。全文脈絡(luò)清晰，敘述的層次感強，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。
常用于敘述法中的過渡連接詞有：first, an the beginning, to start with, after that, later, then, afterwards, in the end, finally等。
4． 對比法或比較法(comparison & contrast)
將同類的事物按照某種特定的規(guī)則進行比較分析是一種常用的思維方法。通過對比，更容易闡述所述對象之間的異同和優(yōu)缺點，例如：
The heart of an electronic computer lies in its vacuum tubes, or transistors. Its electronic circuits work a thousand times faster than the nicer cells in the human brain. A problem that might take a human being a long time to solve can be solved by a computer in one minute.
在這段文字上， 作者為了突出電子計算機運行速度之快，首先將它與人腦進行了比較， "-- a thousand times faster than --" ;而后，又將這一概念具體到了 "a problem"上，通過對比使讀者從 "-- a long time -- in one minute"上有更加直觀的認識。
常用于對本法或比較法上的過渡連接詞有：than, compared with等。
5． 分類法(classification)
在闡述某一概念的段落中，常用分類法。通過對概念中所包括的事物進行分門別類，分別加以敘述，使讀者有更為清晰的認識，如：
Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction. Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in signal flags, Morse code, and picture signs.
在該段中為了說明topic sentence中的 "various forms of communication"，作者將其分為oral speech, sign language, body language及other forms of nonlinguistic language，并逐加闡述。
采用這種方法的段落并沒有標(biāo)志突出的連接詞，所述各項均為平行并列關(guān)系，所以沒有明顯的主次之分。
6． 因果分析法(cause and effect)
在闡述某一現(xiàn)象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。例如：
The role of women in today's society is changing. One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the women's movement. Also, women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home. Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women. Moreover, men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.
本段中，主題句提出了一種社會現(xiàn)象，推展句則對產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象的原因作出各種解釋。 常用于因果分析法的連接詞有：because, so, as a result等。
7． 定義法(definition)
在科普文章的寫作中，定義法是必不可少的。通過下定義，可以使讀者對該事物有一個更直接的認識。
Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automation operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the "Second Industrial Revolution".
這一段文字使我們了解了 "automation" 和 "Second Industrial Revolution" 兩個概念，分別由 "refers to" 和 "been called" 引出。
常出現(xiàn)在定義法中的詞語有：refer to, mean, call等。
8. 重復(fù)法(repetition)
句子的一部分反復(fù)出現(xiàn)在段落中，這就是重復(fù)法。它往往造成一種步步緊逼的氣氛，使文章結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，有感染力。比如：
Since that time, which is far enough away from now, I have often thought that few people know what secrecy there is in the young, under terror. I was in mortal terror of the young man who wanted my heart and liver; I was in mortal terror of my interlocutor with the iron leg; I was in mortal terror of myself, from whom an awful promise had been extracted; --
該段中反復(fù)應(yīng)用了I was in mortal terror of …我經(jīng)常處于恐怖之中。
以上， 我們結(jié)合具體文章討論了展開段落的幾種方法。在實際寫作中，我們往往不必拘泥于一種寫作方法，而是將若干方法穿插在一起，使文章有聲有色。
結(jié)尾段
我們知道文章的開頭很重要，因為好的開頭可以吸引讀者、抓住讀者的注意力。同樣，文章的結(jié)尾也很重要，好的結(jié)尾會使讀者對全文的中心思想留下深刻的印象，可以增添文章的效果和說服力，讓人深思，回味無窮。確切地說，結(jié)尾的作用就是概括全文內(nèi)容，進一步強調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想，使讀者加深印象；有時也用于展望未來，提出今后方向或令人深思的問題給讀者留下回味和思考的余地。
但是，如何才能寫好英文短文的結(jié)尾呢? 下面就介紹
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