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考研英語語法之倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
倒裝是指句子成分不是按主語在前、謂語在后的正常語序排列，而是將謂語或謂語的一部分移到主語之前。倒裝是一種修辭手段，目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，考試多為部分倒裝。考生應(yīng)掌握什么情況下需要倒裝,并對倒裝后的句子能夠認(rèn)出來，避免做題時候的盲目和迷茫。
一. 用全部倒裝的情況
全部倒裝一般是存在以下列副詞開頭的句子中，全部倒裝的方法是把句子的主謂語序顛倒過來，把謂語移到主語前面：
1)出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out, down, in ,up, away, on。如：
Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.
Up went the plane
2)出于習(xí)慣用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then.如：
Now is your turn. There goes the bell.
Here is a ticket for you
There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work
注意：here，there用于倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)時主語一般為名詞，如果是人稱代詞則不需要倒裝
“ where is the cup?” “Here it is!”
Here you are.
There he comes.
3)有時主語較長，為了使句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕，主謂要全部倒裝。這種情況多出現(xiàn)在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：
Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.
In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.
二. 采用部分倒裝情況
部分倒裝一般是把句子謂語的一部分(主要是助動詞或系動詞)放到句子主語前，構(gòu)成部分倒裝，而全部倒裝則把句子的謂語(包括實(shí)義動詞)都放在主語前
1.下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語時，若置于句首，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：
never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less。如：
Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.
Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.
(1985年考研題)
注：1)如果謂語動詞是單個實(shí)義動詞，倒裝時需根據(jù)人稱和時態(tài)加助動詞do。如：
Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.
(1983年考研題)
2)考生要廣義理解“句首”的概念，注意從句的句首和并列分句的句首均為句首。如：
Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips; not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.
2.以only修飾狀語(副詞，介詞短語，狀語從句)開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：
only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。如：
Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.
[A]can you [B]would you [C]you will [D]you can
3.以下列副詞或短語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝：
often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point, many a time。如：
So involved with their computers that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
[A]became the children [B]become the children
[C]had the children become [D]do the children become
(2001年考研題，答案為D)
4.比較從句的倒裝：
as, than引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語是名詞短語且較長，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)(不倒裝也可以)。注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如：
Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.
Today’s electuic cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.
Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.
5.用于前面所說的情況也適用于另一人(物)的肯定句或否定句中的倒裝
1) 肯定重復(fù)倒裝用：so
They have got up, and so has jack
2) 否定重復(fù)倒裝用：nor, neither, no more
If you don’t agree to our plan, neither will they
6.“not only..but also”結(jié)構(gòu)時，如果not only 放在句首，則前半句but (also)句子后面不倒裝
Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.
三. 特殊的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
特殊形式的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是指句子雖然是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而往往是出于強(qiáng)調(diào)的需要，把強(qiáng)調(diào)部分移到句首，而其它部分順序不需要改變，句子主謂不需要倒裝。出現(xiàn)這樣的情況有以下幾種可能：
1.讓步從句的倒裝。
1)as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如：
Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.
Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight
2).出現(xiàn)在句型be+主語+其他，come what may中。如：
While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.
The business of each day selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.
[A] it being [B] be it [C] was it [D] it was (答案為B)
3) no matter how(who…);however引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如：
No matter how busy he is , he has to attend the meeting
However cold it is , he always goes swimming.
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