考研備考英語真題（精選5篇）
考研英語是中國(guó)研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試的重要組成部分，旨在測(cè)試考生的英語聽、說、讀、寫能力以及對(duì)英美文化和社會(huì)背景的了解程度。以下是小編精心整理的簡(jiǎn)易建設(shè)施工合同范本，歡迎閱讀，希望大家能夠喜歡。
考研備考英語真題 1
一、英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用（10分）
共20小題，每小題0.5分。在一篇約350詞的`文章中留出20個(gè)空白，要求考生從每題所給的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳答案，使補(bǔ)全后的文章意思通順、前后連貫、結(jié)構(gòu)完整。
Text for Cloze
The Internet has become an integral part of our lives. It has revolutionized the way we communicate, learn, and do business. However, this digital revolution also brings with it a set of challenges. One of the most significant issues is the (1) _____ of privacy. With the vast amount of personal information being shared online, there is a growing concern that our data may be misused.
Cyber - criminals are constantly looking for ways to (2) _____ into computer systems and steal sensitive information. They use sophisticated techniques such as phishing, where they send fake emails or create fake websites to trick users into revealing their passwords or other personal details. In addition, many companies collect and store large amounts of user data for various purposes, (3) _____ marketing and improving their services. While some of these practices may be legitimate, there is always a risk that the data could be (4) _____.
Another aspect of the privacy problem is the (5) _____ of surveillance. Governments and security agencies around the world are increasingly using the Internet to monitor their citizens. This can be done for legitimate reasons, such as (6) _____ national security or fighting crime. However, the line between necessary surveillance and an invasion of privacy can be very thin. There have been cases where innocent people have been wrongly targeted or their privacy has been (7) _____ violated.
To address these issues, there are several steps that can be taken. First, individuals need to be more (8) _____ about the information they share online. They should only provide personal data to trusted sources and be cautious of phishing attempts. Second, companies should be more transparent about their data collection and storage practices. They should have clear privacy policies and ensure that user data is (9) _____ protected. Finally, governments need to establish clear laws and regulations regarding Internet privacy. These laws should (10) _____ a balance between national security and individual privacy.
1. A. loss B. protection C. violation D. awareness
2. A. break B. look C. turn D. fill
3. A. as to B. such as C. due to D. up to
4. A. disclosed B. enclosed C. disclosed D. disclosed
5. A. rise B. fall C. amount D. limit
6. A. protecting B. to protect C. protected D. protect
7. A. severely B. scarcely C. nearly D. mostly
8. A. careless B. aware C. ignorant D. confident
9. A. adequately B. inadequately C. approximately D. scarcely
10. A. find B. strike C. keep D. lose
二、閱讀理解（50分）
本部分由A、B、C三節(jié)組成，共25小題，每小題2分。
Section A（40分）
Text 1
The sharing economy has been one of the most significant economic trends in recent years. It encompasses a wide range of services, from ride - sharing (such as Uber and Lyft) to home - sharing (like Airbnb). The basic idea behind the sharing economy is to make use of under - utilized resources by allowing individuals to share them with others for a fee.
One of the main advantages of the sharing economy is its potential to increase efficiency. For example, in the case of ride - sharing, cars that would otherwise be sitting idle are put to use, reducing the need for more cars on the road. This can have a positive impact on traffic congestion and the environment. Home - sharing also makes better use of vacant housing, providing an alternative to traditional hotels and potentially increasing tourism in areas where hotel accommodation is limited.
However, the sharing economy also faces several challenges. One of the biggest issues is regulation. Since many sharing - economy services operate in a gray area between traditional businesses and peer - to - peer sharing, it can be difficult to determine how they should be regulated. For instance, taxi drivers often complain that ride - sharing companies are not subject to the same regulations as they are, such as having to obtain certain licenses and meet safety standards.
Another challenge is related to trust. When using sharing - economy services, consumers are often relying on strangers. There have been cases where hosts on home - sharing platforms have misrepresented their properties, or drivers on ride - sharing platforms have engaged in inappropriate behavior. Building and maintaining trust is essential for the continued growth of the sharing economy.
11. What is the fundamental concept of the sharing economy?
A. To create new economic models.
B. To encourage people to buy more resources.
C. To make idle resources profitable through sharing.
D. To compete with traditional businesses.
12. According to the passage, what can ride - sharing contribute to?
A. Increasing the number of cars.
B. Worsening traffic conditions.
C. Reducing traffic congestion.
D. Promoting car manufacturing.
13. Why is regulation a challenge for the sharing economy?
A. Because sharing - economy services are illegal.
B. Because its hard to define its regulatory scope.
C. Because traditional businesses oppose regulation.
D. Because sharing - economy services dont need regulation.
14. What is an important factor for the development of the sharing economy?
A. Price.
B. Trust.
C. Advertising.
D. Technology.
15. Which of the following could be the best title for the passage?
A. The Sharing Economy: Opportunities and Challenges
B. The Sharing Economy: A New Business Model
C. The Sharing Economy: How to Regulate It
D. The Sharing Economy: Trust Issues
Text 2
In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has made remarkable progress. AI systems are now capable of performing a wide variety of tasks, from recognizing faces in photos to translating languages in real - time. This has led to many exciting applications in fields such as healthcare, finance, and transportation.
In healthcare, AI can be used to assist doctors in diagnosing diseases. For example, AI - powered diagnostic tools can analyze medical images, such as X - rays and MRIs, to detect signs of illness with a high degree of accuracy. This can help doctors make more informed decisions and potentially save lives. In finance, AI is being used for fraud detection. By analyzing large amounts of financial data, AI systems can identify unusual patterns that may indicate fraudulent activity.
However, the rapid development of AI also raises some concerns. One of the main concerns is job displacement. As AI systems become more capable, there is a fear that they will replace human workers in many industries. For example, in manufacturing, robots powered by AI can perform repetitive tasks more efficiently than humans. This could lead to significant job losses in the manufacturing sector.
Another concern is the potential for AI to be misused. For instance, AI - generated fake news could be spread widely, causing social unrest. There is also a risk that AI systems could be hacked and used for malicious purposes, such as stealing personal information or disrupting critical infrastructure.
16. What can AI do in healthcare according to the passage?
A. Replace doctors completely.
B. Only analyze X - rays.
C. Assist in disease diagnosis.
D. Cure all diseases.
17. In finance, how does AI help?
A. By providing financial advice.
B. By increasing the amount of financial data.
C. By detecting fraud.
D. By changing financial regulations.
18. What is one of the major concerns about AI?
A. It is too expensive to develop.
B. It may cause job losses.
C. It is not accurate enough.
D. It can only be used in a few fields.
19. Which of the following is an example of AI misuse?
A. Using AI for language translation.
B. Using AI - generated fake news to mislead the public.
C. Using AI to analyze medical images.
D. Using AI in manufacturing.
20. What is the overall tone of the passage towards AI?
A. Entirely positive.
B. Entirely negative.
C. Neutral.
D. Sarcastic.
Text 3
The concept of a circular economy has gained increasing attention in recent years. A circular economy aims to minimize waste and make the most of resources by keeping products, components, and materials in use for as long as possible. It is in contrast to the traditional linear economy, which follows a "take - make - dispose" model.
In a circular economy, products are designed with recyclability and durability in mind. For example, instead of using single - use plastics, companies are encouraged to develop products made from recycled materials or materials that can be easily recycled. This not only reduces waste but also conserves natural resources. Another aspect of the circular economy is the concept of "product - service systems." Instead of simply selling a product, companies can offer a service that includes the use of the product. For instance, instead of selling a customer a drill, a company could offer a drilling service.
One of the main drivers of the circular economy is the growing awareness of environmental issues. With the increasing scarcity of natural resources and the negative impact of waste on the environment, there is a need to find more sustainable economic models. The circular economy also offers economic benefits. It can create new business opportunities, such as in the recycling and remanufacturing industries.
However, the implementation of a circular economy also faces challenges. One of the challenges is changing consumer behavior. Consumers are often accustomed to the convenience of single - use products and may be reluctant to switch to more sustainable alternatives. Another challenge is the lack of infrastructure for recycling and remanufacturing in some areas.
21. What is the main difference between a circular economy and a linear economy?
A. The circular economy focuses on profit - making.
B. The linear economy emphasizes waste minimization.
C. The circular economy aims to keep resources in use longer.
D. The linear economy encourages the use of recycled materials.
22. In a circular economy, how are products designed?
A. With a focus on low cost.
B. With a focus on recyclability and durability.
C. With a focus on high - tech features.
D. With a focus on mass production.
23. What is an example of a "product - service system" in a circular economy?
A. Selling a washing machine and providing a maintenance service.
B. Selling a car and offering a fuel - saving device.
C. Selling a book and providing a bookmark.
D. Selling a phone and offering a phone case.
24. What are the main drivers of the circular economy?
A. Economic benefits only.
B. Environmental awareness and economic benefits.
C. Technological innovation.
D. Government regulations.
25. Why is changing consumer behavior a challenge for the circular economy?
A. Because consumers dont care about the environment.
B. Because consumers are used to certain products.
C. Because consumers are too poor to afford sustainable products.
D. Because consumers dont understand the circular economy.
Section B（10分）
In the following article, some paragraphs have been removed. For questions 26 - 30, choose the most suitable paragraph from the list A - G to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two extra paragraphs which you do not need to use.
The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health
Social media has become an inescapable part of modern life. It has changed the way we communicate, share information, and interact with others. However, its impact on mental health is a topic of much debate.
On one hand, social media can have positive effects on mental health. [26] _____. For example, people who live far away from their friends and family can use social media to stay in touch and maintain relationships. It can also be a platform for people to express themselves, share their experiences, and find support from others who may be going through similar situations.
On the other hand, there are also negative impacts. [27] _____. For instance, the constant comparison with others on social media can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self - esteem. People often post only the highlights of their lives on social media, creating an unrealistic image of perfection. This can make others feel that their own lives are not good enough.
Another negative aspect is cyberbullying. [28] _____. Cyberbullying can take many forms, such as sending mean messages, spreading rumors, or posting embarrassing photos. Victims of cyberbullying may experience depression, anxiety, and other mental health problems.
In addition, excessive use of social media can be addictive. [29] _____. People may find themselves spending hours on social media platforms, neglecting other important aspects of their lives such as work, study, or face - to - face relationships. This can lead to a decline in overall well - being.
Despite these negative impacts, it is important to note that social media itself is not inherently bad. [30] _____. It is up to individuals to use it in a healthy and responsible way.
A. Social media platforms are designed to be engaging and keep users coming back for more.
B. Many people have reported that social media has helped them during difficult times in their lives.
C. Social media has made it easier for people to connect with others around the world.
D. It is a form of bullying that occurs online and can have serious consequences for the mental health of victims.
E. The way people present themselves on social media can be misleading.
F. However, the benefits of social media often come with a price.
G. With proper self - management and awareness, social media can be a positive addition to our lives.
三、英譯漢（15分）
Translate the following passage into Chinese.
The idea of sustainable development has been around for decades, but it has gained new urgency in recent years. As the worlds population continues to grow and the demand for resources increases, we need to find ways to meet our present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development encompasses three main pillars: economic development, social development, and environmental protection. Economic development is essential for improving living standards and reducing poverty. Social development focuses on issues such as education, healthcare, and gender equality. Environmental protection is crucial for maintaining the balance of ecosystems and ensuring the availability of natural resources.
However, achieving sustainable development is not without challenges. One of the main challenges is the trade - off between economic growth and environmental protection. In many cases, rapid economic growth has been accompanied by environmental degradation. Another challenge is the lack of international cooperation. Sustainable development is a global issue that requires the participation of all countries.
四、寫作（25分）
Part A（10分）
Write a letter to your university library, suggesting some improvements. In your letter, you should:
1. introduce yourself briefly
2. state the current problems of the library
3. offer your suggestions for improvement
You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.
Part B（15分）
Write an essay of about 150 - 200 words on the following topic:
"Does modern technology make people more isolated?"
You should present your view and support it with relevant examples.
考研備考英語真題 2
一、Section I Use of English
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.
In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with - or even looking at - a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they 1 their eyes, hunch their shoulders and turn away 2 an approaching stranger.
Today it seems perfectly 3 for people to feel that they have a right not to be disturbed. In fact, the 4 to feel “l(fā)eft alone” has become so much a part of our culture that it even has a 5 in our language: the phrase “l(fā)eave me alone” has become an English - speaking world - wide catchphrase.
But this 6 was not always so. In the 19th century, for example, a host of social reformers, including Jane Addams, began their work with the 7 that the individual in society was an important and active part of that society. They believed that individuals had a moral 8 to be involved with their fellow citizens and to 9 the common good.
At that time, to 10 with strangers was not only seen as necessary, but quite 11. People were, in general, more sociable and 12 with their neighbors than they are today. What has changed?
For one thing, modern society has become much more complex and 13. With so many people 14 around, it has become more difficult to 15 a sense of community. For another, in a world where people are constantly 16 with each other via social media, the idea of face - to - face interaction has become somewhat 17.
However, we should not forget that humans are social animals. 18 communication and interaction are essential for our well - being. We need to 19 that the discomfort we feel in the presence of strangers is largely a 20 of modern culture, not human nature.
1. A. cast B. lower C. avert D. close
2. A. from B. to C. of D. at
3. A. normal B. common C. ordinary D. usual
4. A. privilege B. right C. claim D. power
5. A. place B. role C. position D. spot
6. A. view B. idea C. attitude D. perspective
7. A. presumption B. assumption C. premise D. supposition
8. A. duty B. task C. function D. responsibility
9. A. promote B. boost C. further D. raise
10. A. connect B. associate C. communicate D. interact
11. A. pleasant B. agreeable C. favorable D. nice
12. A. familiar B. acquainted C. known D. recognized
13. A. diverse B. various C. different D. distinct
14. A. moving B. traveling C. migrating D. shifting
15. A. create B. produce C. make D. build
16. A. connecting B. interacting C. engaging D. communicating
17. A. obsolete B. outmoded C. old - fashioned D. unfashionable
18. A. Thus B. Hence C. So D. Therefore
19. A. recognize B. realize C. identify D. acknowledge
20. A. product B. result C. consequence D. outcome
二、Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1
The concept of "slow food" was born in Italy in the late 1980s as a reaction against the spread of fast food and the homogenization of global food culture. Slow food emphasizes the importance of traditional and regional cuisines, sustainable farming, and the pleasure of savoring food.
Slow food is not just about eating slowly; it is a comprehensive philosophy that encompasses every aspect of the food chain. It promotes the use of local and seasonal ingredients, which are often fresher, more nutritious, and have a lower environmental impact. Slow food also encourages the preservation of traditional cooking methods and recipes that have been passed down through generations.
One of the key aspects of slow food is the support for small - scale farmers and producers. These are the people who often use sustainable farming practices and produce high - quality, unique products. By buying directly from them or through farmers markets, consumers can ensure that their food is fresh, healthy, and helps to sustain local economies.
In addition to the environmental and economic benefits, slow food also has social and cultural significance. It brings people together around the table, encourages conversation and the sharing of stories. Meals become more than just a means of sustenance; they are a social event.
However, slow food also faces some challenges. One of the main challenges is the cost. Slow food products, especially those that are organic or produced using traditional methods, are often more expensive than their mass - produced counterparts. This can make it difficult for some consumers to afford, especially those on a tight budget.
Another challenge is the time factor. In todays fast - paced society, many people do not have the time to cook elaborate meals or to visit farmers markets. They rely on quick and easy options like fast food or pre - packaged meals.
Despite these challenges, the slow food movement continues to grow. There are now slow food chapters in many countries around the world, and more and more people are becoming aware of the importance of slow food.
21. The slow food movement was initially launched to ______.
A. oppose fast food and preserve food culture
B. promote Italian cuisine around the world
C. make people eat more slowly
D. support sustainable farming practices
22. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the slow food philosophy?
A. Using non - local ingredients.
B. Preserving traditional cooking methods.
C. Buying from small - scale farmers.
D. Savoring food for pleasure.
23. The support for small - scale farmers by slow food is because they ______.
A. can offer cheaper products
B. use sustainable farming practices
C. are part of the local community
D. can produce large quantities of food
24. One of the social benefits of slow food is that it ______.
A. makes people more health - conscious
B. encourages the sharing of food recipes
C. brings people together for social interaction
D. promotes the development of local economies
25. The main challenges faced by slow food include ______.
A. lack of government support and high cost
B. high cost and time - consuming nature
C. competition from fast food chains and lack of popularity
D. difficulty in finding suitable ingredients and high cost
Text 2
The digital revolution has brought about significant changes in the way we communicate, work, and access information. One of the most notable areas of change is in education. The use of digital technology in education, often referred to as e - learning, has become increasingly popular in recent years.
E - learning offers several advantages over traditional classroom - based learning. For one thing, it provides greater flexibility. Students can access course materials and lectures at any time and from any location, as long as they have an internet connection. This is especially beneficial for those who are working or have other commitments that make it difficult to attend regular classes.
Another advantage is the ability to customize the learning experience. E - learning platforms often offer a variety of resources, such as videos, interactive quizzes, and discussion forums. Students can choose the resources that best suit their learning style and pace.
However, e - learning also has its drawbacks. One of the main problems is the lack of face - to - face interaction. In a traditional classroom, students can ask questions immediately, engage in discussions with their classmates, and receive immediate feedback from their teachers. In e - learning, this interaction is often delayed or less effective.
There is also the issue of technical problems. Internet connectivity issues, software glitches, and hardware failures can all disrupt the learning process. This can be frustrating for students and may lead to a loss of motivation.
Despite these challenges, the future of e - learning looks promising. As technology continues to improve, many of the current problems are likely to be resolved. For example, the development of more advanced video - conferencing tools will enhance face - to - face interaction in e - learning.
26. The digital revolution has had a great impact on ______.
A. only communication
B. communication, work, and education
C. only work
D. work and access to information
27. E - learning is popular because it ______.
A. is completely free
B. offers more flexibility and customization
C. has no technical problems
D. replaces traditional classrooms
28. The lack of face - to - face interaction in e - learning can lead to ______.
A. more efficient learning
B. immediate feedback
C. less effective learning
D. better use of learning resources
29. Technical problems in e - learning include ______.
A. only software glitches
B. only hardware failures
C. internet connectivity, software glitches, and hardware failures
D. lack of access to course materials
30. The future of e - learning is likely to be positive because ______.
A. current problems will be resolved with technology improvement
B. more people will prefer e - learning to traditional classrooms
C. e - learning will become completely free
D. there will be no need for face - to - face interaction
Text 3
The idea of a universal basic income (UBI) has been gaining attention in recent years. A UBI is a regular, unconditional cash payment made to all citizens by the government. The concept is not new; it has been debated for decades. However, in the context of increasing automation and concerns about job security, it has taken on new significance.
Proponents of UBI argue that it has several potential benefits. First, it can act as a safety net for those who are unemployed or underemployed due to automation. With the rise of artificial intelligence and robotics, many jobs are at risk of being automated. A UBI would ensure that people have a basic level of income to meet their needs.
Second, UBI can give people more freedom to pursue other interests, such as starting a business, furthering their education, or engaging in creative activities. Without the constant worry about making ends meet, individuals can focus on self - improvement and personal growth.
However, there are also opponents to UBI. One of the main concerns is the cost. Implementing a UBI would require a significant amount of government funding. This could lead to higher taxes or cuts in other government programs.
Another concern is the potential for UBI to discourage work. Some critics argue that if people receive a regular income without having to work for it, they may become lazy and less motivated to find employment.
Despite the debates, some countries and cities have already started to experiment with UBI. These experiments will provide valuable data on the real - world impacts of UBI and help to inform future policy decisions.
31. The concept of UBI has become more relevant because of ______.
A. increasing automation and job security concerns
B. the need to reduce government spending
C. the desire to encourage more people to start businesses
D. the popularity of creative activities
32. According to proponents, UBI can help people who are ______.
A. already wealthy
B. employed but unhappy
C. unemployed or underemployed
D. retired
33. One of the potential benefits of UBI for individuals is that it can ______.
A. make them rich overnight
B. force them to work harder
C. give them more freedom to do other things
D. ensure they get a high - paying job
34. Opponents of UBI are worried about ______.
A. only the cost
B. only the potential to discourage work
C. both the cost and the potential to discourage work
D. neither the cost nor the potential to discourage work
35. Experiments with UBI are important because they can ______.
A. prove that UBI is the best policy
B. provide data for future policy decisions
C. immediately solve the problem of job security
D. show that UBI has no negative impacts
Text 4
The sharing economy has emerged as a significant economic phenomenon in recent years. It encompasses a wide range of activities, from ride - sharing (such as Uber and Lyft) to home - sharing (such as Airbnb). The sharing economy is based on the idea of using under - utilized resources more efficiently.
In the case of ride - sharing, private car owners use their vehicles to transport passengers, making use of the empty seats in their cars. This not only provides a convenient transportation option for passengers but also allows car owners to earn some extra income.
Home - sharing is another example. Homeowners can rent out their spare rooms or entire homes when they are not using them. This is beneficial for travelers who are looking for more affordable accommodation options and also for homeowners who can monetize their unused space.
However, the sharing economy also faces some challenges. One of the main challenges is regulation. Since the sharing economy operates in a different way from traditional businesses, existing regulations may not be applicable or may need to be revised. For example, ride - sharing companies have faced issues regarding driver licensing, insurance, and safety regulations.
Another challenge is competition. As the sharing economy grows, there is increasing competition among sharing - economy platforms. This can lead to price wars and a race to offer the most attractive services, which may not always be sustainable in the long run.
Despite these challenges, the sharing economy is likely to continue to grow. As consumers become more conscious of cost - effectiveness and environmental sustainability, the sharing economy offers solutions that meet these needs.
36. The sharing economy is mainly about ______.
A. creating new resources
B. using resources more efficiently
C. replacing traditional businesses
D. making more money for big companies
37. In ride - sharing, car owners can ______.
A. only transport friends
B. earn extra income by using empty seats
C. drive without a license
D. avoid safety regulations
38. Home - sharing is beneficial for ______.
A. only homeowners
B. only travelers
C. both homeowners and travelers
D. neither homeowners nor travelers
39. One of the challenges for the sharing economy is that ______.
A. there is no competition
B. existing regulations are always suitable
C. it has to face regulation issues
D. it is too sustainable
40. The sharing economy is likely to keep growing because it ______.
A. is not affected by challenges
B. meets consumers needs for cost - effectiveness and sustainability
C. is supported by all governments
D. only offers cheap services
三、Section III Writing
Part A
Directions: Write a letter to your university library, suggesting some improvements to the library facilities.
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am a student at this university, and I am writing to share some suggestions regarding the improvement of our library facilities.
First of all, the seating area in the library is currently insufficient. During peak study times, such as exam periods, it is extremely difficult to find an available seat. I suggest that more desks and chairs be added, especially in the study areas on the second and third floors.
Secondly, the lighting in some parts of the library could be improved. In the far corners of the reading rooms, the light is rather dim, which is not conducive to reading and studying. Upgrading the lighting fixtures in these areas would enhance the overall study environment.
Furthermore, the librarys computer facilities need to be updated. Some of the computers are quite old and slow, which often causes delays when students are trying to access online resources or complete their assignments. Newer, faster computers with larger monitors would greatly improve the efficiency of students study.
In addition, I think it would be a great idea to have a self - service coffee machine in the library. This would allow students to grab a cup of coffee during long study sessions without having to leave the library building.
I hope that my suggestions will be taken into consideration. I believe that these improvements would enhance the overall experience of students using the library.
Thank you for your attention.
Yours sincerely,
[Your Name]
Part B
Directions: Write an essay of 160 - 200 words based on the following picture. In your essay, you should
1. Describe the picture briefly.
2. Interpret the implied meaning of the picture.
3. Give your comments.
(Here, assume there is a picture showing a group of people sitting around a table, each person is looking at their mobile phone, and there is no communication among them)
The picture presents a rather thought - provoking scene. A group of people are sitting around a table, but instead of interacting with each other, they are all absorbed in their mobile phones. There is a sense of isolation and lack of communication among them despite their physical proximity.
This picture implies the negative impact of excessive mobile phone use on interpersonal relationships. In modern society, mobile phones have become an indispensable part of our lives. However, over - reliance on them has led to a situation where people are neglecting face - to - face communication.
In my opinion, while mobile phones bring convenience and a wealth of information, we should not let them overshadow the importance of real - life interactions. We should be more conscious of putting down our phones and engaging in meaningful conversations with those around us. This will help to strengthen our relationships and bring more warmth and connection to our lives.
考研備考英語真題 3
一、英語知識(shí)運(yùn)用（共20小題，每小題0.5分，共10分）
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.
The relationship between laughter and the body is a complex _1_. Laughter is much more than just a _2_ reaction to humor; it also has profound _3_ on physical and mental health.
When we laugh, our body undergoes several changes. Muscles throughout the body are activated, especially those in the face, abdomen, and diaphragm. This muscular activity is like a _4_ form of exercise. It can increase heart rate, improve blood circulation, and even _5_ the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body.
In addition to the physical effects, laughter also has a positive _6_ on mental well - being. It can reduce stress and anxiety, _7_ feelings of depression. A good laugh can _8_ the mind, making it easier to _9_ problems and come up with creative solutions.
Studies have also shown that laughter can _10_ social bonds. When people laugh together, they feel a sense of _11_ and connection. This can be especially important in _12_ situations, such as at work or in a new social group.
However, not all laughter is _13_. Forced or fake laughter may not produce the same _14_ of benefits. The key seems to be _15_ laughter that is genuine and spontaneous.
1. A. issue
B. matter
C. topic
D. theme
2. A. simple
B. single
C. sole
D. slight
3. A. impacts
B. impressions
C. implications
D. imports
4. A. light
B. mild
C. easy
D. soft
5. A. stimulate
B. simulate
C. stipulate
D. substitute
6. A. influence
B. effect
C. affect
D. result
7. A. relieve
B. release
C. remove
D. replace
8. A. clear
B. clean
C. cleanse
D. clarify
9. A. tackle
B. handle
C. cope
D. deal
10. A. strengthen
B. enforce
C. intensify
D. enhance
11. A. unity
B. union
C. unison
D. unique
12. A. social
B. public
C. communal
D. collective
13. A. created
B. equal
C. same
D. alike
14. A. kind
B. type
C. sort
D. extent
15. A. in
B. at
C. with
D. of
二、閱讀理解（共25小題，每小題2分，共50分）
Part A（共20小題）
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1
The digital revolution has transformed the way we communicate, work, and access information. With the proliferation of smartphones, tablets, and high - speed internet, people are more connected than ever before. However, this increased connectivity also brings new challenges.
One of the most significant issues is the phenomenon of information overload. The vast amount of data available at our fingertips can be overwhelming. Social media platforms, news websites, and various apps constantly bombard us with information, making it difficult to distinguish between what is important and what is not. This can lead to stress, reduced productivity, and a sense of being constantly distracted.
Another concern is the impact on privacy. As we engage more with digital technologies, we leave a digital footprint that can be tracked and analyzed. Companies collect vast amounts of data about our preferences, behaviors, and personal information. This data can be used for targeted advertising, but it also raises questions about who has access to this information and how it is being used.
In addition, the digital divide still exists, separating those who have easy access to digital technologies from those who do not. This divide can exacerbate existing inequalities in education, employment, and economic opportunities.
16. What is the main idea of this text?
A. The digital revolution has only positive effects.
B. The digital revolution brings both opportunities and challenges.
C. The digital revolution has made people less productive.
D. The digital revolution has eliminated privacy.
17. According to the text, what is information overload?
A. The lack of information on the internet.
B. The difficulty in finding important information.
C. The excessive amount of information available.
D. The slow speed of accessing information.
18. What does the digital footprint refer to?
A. The physical marks left by digital devices.
B. The data about our activities left when using digital technologies.
C. The footprints of people using tablets.
D. The marks left by smartphones on desks.
19. The digital divide can lead to _.
A. more equal opportunities
B. increased privacy
C. exacerbation of inequalities
D. less information overload
Text 2
Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly evolving and has the potential to revolutionize numerous industries. In healthcare, AI can be used for disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and patient monitoring. For example, AI - powered algorithms can analyze medical images such as X - rays and MRIs more accurately than human doctors in some cases, helping to detect early signs of diseases like cancer.
In the transportation sector, self - driving cars are becoming a reality. These vehicles use AI to navigate roads, detect obstacles, and make driving decisions. This technology has the potential to reduce traffic accidents caused by human error, improve traffic flow, and provide new mobility options for the elderly and disabled.
However, the development of AI also raises ethical concerns. One of the main issues is job displacement. As AI and automation replace human workers in certain tasks, there is a fear that many jobs will be lost. Another concern is bias in AI algorithms. If the data used to train AI systems is biased, the algorithms may produce discriminatory results, for example, in hiring or loan approval processes.
20. What can AI do in healthcare according to the text?
A. Only diagnose diseases.
B. Replace all doctors.
C. Be used for disease diagnosis, drug discovery, and patient monitoring.
D. Only monitor patients.
21. The advantage of self - driving cars is _.
A. They will make all drivers unemployed.
B. They can completely eliminate traffic accidents.
C. They can reduce traffic accidents caused by human error and improve traffic flow.
D. They are only for the rich.
22. What are the ethical concerns about AI?
A. Only job displacement.
B. Only bias in algorithms.
C. Job displacement and bias in algorithms.
D. There are no ethical concerns.
Text 3
Sustainable development has become a global priority in recent years. It aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This concept encompasses three main pillars: economic development, social development, and environmental protection.
Economic development within the framework of sustainable development focuses on creating long - term, inclusive growth. It encourages the use of clean technologies and the transition to a green economy. Social development involves improving the quality of life for all people, including access to education, healthcare, and basic services. It also promotes social equality and the empowerment of marginalized groups.
Environmental protection is a crucial aspect of sustainable development. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving biodiversity, and protecting natural resources such as water, forests, and soil. Many countries are now implementing policies and strategies to achieve sustainable development goals, such as promoting renewable energy sources, recycling programs, and sustainable agriculture.
23. What are the three main pillars of sustainable development?
A. Economic growth, population control, and environmental protection.
B. Economic development, social development, and environmental protection.
C. Industrial development, urban development, and rural development.
D. Technology development, cultural development, and political development.
24. In the context of sustainable development, economic development emphasizes _.
A. short - term growth at any cost
B. long - term, inclusive growth using clean technologies
C. only the use of traditional technologies
D. growth without considering environmental factors
25. What does environmental protection in sustainable development include?
A. Increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
B. Destroying biodiversity.
C. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions, conserving biodiversity, and protecting natural resources.
D. Only protecting water resources.
Text 4
The concept of the sharing economy has emerged in recent years, with companies like Airbnb and Uber leading the way. The sharing economy is based on the idea of sharing under - utilized assets, such as spare rooms or private cars, in order to create economic value.
For consumers, the sharing economy offers several advantages. It provides more affordable options for accommodation and transportation. For example, Airbnb allows travelers to stay in private homes at a lower cost than traditional hotels. Uber provides a convenient and often cheaper alternative to taxis.
However, the sharing economy also faces challenges. Regulatory issues are a major concern. Many sharing - economy companies operate in a legal gray area, as existing regulations were designed for traditional business models. There are also concerns about safety and quality control. For instance, in the case of Airbnb, there have been reports of unsafe accommodations, and with Uber, issues related to driver background checks and vehicle safety.
26. What is the sharing economy based on?
A. Buying new assets.
B. Sharing under - utilised assets.
C. Producing more assets.
D. Destroying assets.
27. What are the advantages of the sharing economy for consumers?
A. It is always more expensive.
B. It offers more affordable options for accommodation and transportation.
C. It is only for the rich.
D. It has no advantages.
28. What are the challenges of the sharing economy?
A. Only regulatory issues.
B. Only safety and quality control issues.
C. Regulatory issues, safety, and quality control issues.
D. There are no challenges.
Part B（共5小題）
Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 29 - 33, choose the most suitable sentence from the list A - G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use.
The future of work is being shaped by technological advancements. One of the most significant trends is the increasing automation of jobs. (29) _ As machines become more capable of performing routine tasks, humans will need to focus on more complex and creative work.
Another trend is the rise of the gig economy. (30) _ This type of work offers flexibility but also comes with challenges such as lack of job security and benefits.
Remote work is also becoming more prevalent. (31) _ While it provides convenience and can improve work - life balance, it also requires new management skills and communication strategies.
The changing nature of work also has implications for education. (32) _ There is a need for educational institutions to adapt and provide students with the skills required for the future job market.
Finally, the future of work will also see a greater emphasis on soft skills such as communication, teamwork, and adaptability. (33) _
A. Workers in the gig economy are often self - employed and work on a project - by - project basis.
B. Automation will replace all human jobs in the near future.
C. Many companies are now allowing employees to work from home at least part of the time.
D. These skills will be crucial in a work environment that is constantly changing.
E. However, not all jobs can be automated.
F. Traditional education systems are no longer sufficient to meet the needs of the future job market.
G. Automation will only affect low - skilled jobs.
三、翻譯（共15分）
Section A（共5小題，每小題1分，共5分）
Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.
34. The more you read, the more knowledge you will gain.
35. It is not easy to master a foreign language within a short period of time.
36. She was so tired that she could hardly keep her eyes open.
37. We should take effective measures to protect the environment.
38. This new technology has been widely applied in various fields.
Section B（共1小題，共10分）
Directions: Translate the following passage into English.
中國(guó)的城市化（urbanization）將會(huì)充分釋放潛在內(nèi)需（domestic demand）。一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家指出，在中國(guó)幾乎所有的發(fā)展中城市都面臨著城市化的進(jìn)程。這使得許多人的生活水平有所提高，也為人們提供更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。隨著越來越多的人向城市遷徙，住房及城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)（infrastructure construction），包括水源等能源的.供應(yīng)將會(huì)成為城市發(fā)展的焦點(diǎn)問題。商品與服務(wù)的自由、快速流通是城市化社會(huì)的一項(xiàng)基本特征。逐漸擴(kuò)張的城市需要更多的零售店來滿足消費(fèi)者的需求。
四、寫作（共25分）
Directions: Write an essay of about 200 words based on the following topic:
The Importance of Cultural Heritage Protection
In the modern era, with the rapid development of globalization and modernization, cultural heritage is facing various challenges. Discuss the importance of protecting cultural heritage and what can be done to protect it.
考研備考英語真題 4
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.
In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with - or even looking at - a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a 1 underground.
Its a sad reality - our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings - because theres 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldnt know it, 3 into your phone. This universal armor sends the 4 : "Please dont approach me."
What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?
One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, an executive mental coach. We fear rejection, or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as "creepy." We fear well be 7. We fear well be disruptive.
Strangers are inherently 8 to us, so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this uneasiness, we 10 to our phones. "Phones become our security blanket," Wortmann says. "They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive as the 11 world."
But once we rip off the band - aid, tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up, it doesnt 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment, behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13. They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14. "When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own," the New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didnt expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, "not a single person reported having been snubbed."
18, these commuters were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those who had been left alone. The initial awkwardness 19 as the conversation developed. It was not so much the words as the 20 from someone who listened and cared that made the difference.
1. A. signal
B. permit
C. ticket
D. record
2. A. nothing
B. link
C. another
D. much
3. A. beaten
B. guided
C. plugged
D. brought
4. A. message
B. code
C. notice
D. sign
5. A. under
B. beyond
C. behind
D. from
6. A. misinterpreted
B. misapplied
C. misadjusted
D. mismatched
7. A. fired
B. judged
C. replaced
D. delayed
8. A. unreasonable
B. ungrateful
C. unconventional
D. unfamiliar
9. A. comfortable
B. anxious
C. confident
D. angry
10. A. attend
B. point
C. take
D. turn
11. A. dangerous
B. mysterious
C. violent
D. boring
12. A. hurt
B. resist
C. bend
D. fade
13. A. lecture
B. conversation
C. debate
D. negotiation
14. A. trainees
B. employees
C. passengers
D. researchers
15. A. reveal
B. choose
C. predict
D. design
16. A. voyage
B. flight
C. walk
D. ride
17. A. went through
B. did away
C. caught up
D. put up
18. A. In turn
B. In particular
C. In fact
D. In consequence
19. A. broke out
B. faded away
C. stepped off
D. set in
20. A. association
B. admission
C. attention
D. arrangement
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1
The longest bull run in a century of art - market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sothebys in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last hurrah. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, was failing.
The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm - double the figure five years earlier. Since then it has fallen back to around $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.
In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirsts sale, art markets around the world suffered a series of aftershocks. The European market, which had been buoyant, turned sluggish. Christies, another leading auctioneer, had to pay out nearly $20 million in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with the firm. In China the boom may be over sooner than expected. Sales of contemporary art fell by two - thirds in the year to November 2008, according to Artprice, a database of art - market information.
The art market is a window on the wider economy. "The art market has always been an early - indicator of the way the economy is going," says McAndrew. "It went up way before the economy started to recover in 2003, and it came down before the economy started to go down in 2008." But it is less clear what effect, if any, the slowdown in the art market will have on the broader economy.
1. What was considered a trend in the art market before the 2008 financial crisis?
A. A steady decline in sales.
B. A continuous rise in value.
C. A boom in contemporary art.
D. A change in marketing strategy.
2. The author mentions the sale of Damien Hirsts works to _.
A. show the prosperity of the art market
B. introduce the topic of the art market
C. discuss the popularity of modern art
D. explain the high price of art works
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The art market generally went downward in different regions after 2008.
B. The art markets value is closely related to the general economy.
C. The art market surpassed other industries in momentum.
D. The art markets decline started in 2003.
4. It can be inferred from the text that _.
A. the art market is more volatile than other industries
B. the art market is not as big as other industries
C. the art market has a significant impact on the broader economy
D. the art market often reflects the economic situation
Text 2
I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room - a womens group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening, one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening, I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands dont talk to them. This man quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, "Shes the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "Its true," he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didnt keep the conversation going, wed spend the whole evening in silence."
This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.
The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed - but not a single man - gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorce. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States alone. "In my own research, inconsistent communication patterns between husbands and wives emerged as a major theme," Riessman says. "In some cases, it was as if they were living in parallel universes, with no common ground between them."
Why do men and women have different patterns of communication? A large part of the answer lies in the different ways that boys and girls are socialized. Boys are taught to be more direct, aggressive, and assertive in their communication, while girls are taught to be more relational, empathetic, and inclusive.
These differences in communication style can lead to misunderstandings, frustration, and ultimately, relationship problems. For example, a man may think that he is being efficient by getting straight to the point, while a woman may feel that he is being rude and insensitive. Or a woman may be trying to build a relationship by sharing her feelings, while a man may feel that she is being overly emotional and needy.
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. American men and women have different patterns of communication, which can lead to relationship problems.
B. American men tend to talk more than women in public situations but less at home, causing problems in marriage.
C. The different ways that boys and girls are socialized are the main reason for the different communication patterns.
D. Lack of communication is the main reason for divorce in the United States.
2. The example of the man and his wife in the first paragraph is used to _.
A. show the mans humor
B. illustrate a common pattern
C. introduce the tohttps://p.9136.com/1wmunication
D. emphasize the importance of communication
3. Which of the following statements is consistent with the passage?
A. American men are more talkative than women in all situations.
B. Most American men consider lack of communication as the reason for their divorce.
C. Different communication styles between men and women can cause misunderstandings.
D. Boys are taught to be more relational, empathetic, and inclusive in their communication.
4. The authors attitude towards the different communication patterns between men and women is _.
A. critical
B. indifferent
C. positive
D. objective
Text 3
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the business? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to their graves early.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earths atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man - made. The groups report, released last week, followed a similar study released in 2007 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Each report makes more urgent the need for the United States to do something about it.
Yet the United States Senate has not passed a single bill aimed at fighting global warming in the past two years. In fact, the Senate is so divided over how to deal with climate change that it is likely to do nothing at all. Some senators believe we should wait for more conclusive evidence before taking action. "We dont know for sure," they say. "The science is uncertain." Others think that taking action would be too expensive and would hurt the economy.
These senators are playing with fire. Global warming is real, and the evidence is conclusive. If we dont act now, we could face a catastrophe that would make the early deaths of those 10 million smokers look like a pittance. The Earths temperature is rising, and we are the cause. We need to start taking action right now.
1. An example of the doubters argument in the first paragraph is that _.
A. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death
B. the number of early deaths of smokers was insignificant
C. people had the right to choose their own way of life
D. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense
2. The author mentions the National Academy of Sciences report to _.
A. show the scientific evidence of global warming
B. warn of the danger of global warming
C. explain the causes of global warming
D. argue for the need of passing bills
3. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The United States Senate has passed some bills to fight global warming.
B. Some senators think that taking action against global warming would cost too much.
C. The science of global warming is still uncertain.
D. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has not released any report.
4. The authors attitude towards those senators who oppose taking action against global warming is _.
A. contemptuous
B. critical
C. respectful
D. supportive
Text 4
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving "to pursue my passion for teaching." Broadcasting his ambition was "a little scary," he conceded, but it was better than living a lie. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isnt alone.
In recent months a number of high - profile executives have stepped down, including Eric Schmidt of Google, Meg Whitman of Hewlett - Packard, and Carol Bartz of Yahoo! When executives leave under a cloud, they are often fired for performance reasons. But leaving on ones own terms can be a strategic choice for a CEO. "Ive seen more CEOs leaving because they want to pursue their passion for a particular area," says Donna Korn, an executive coach. "Its a very positive thing."
These executives are on to something. The best - led companies, studies show, are those in which high - level executives are passionate about the business theyre in. And that passion often translates into better performance. For example, Googles Schmidt was passionate about technology and innovation, which led to Googles continued success in the search engine market.
However, not all executives who leave their positions are doing so for positive reasons. Some may be leaving because they cant handle the pressure or because theyve made mistakes. But for those who are leaving to pursue their passion, it can be a great opportunity for both the executive and the company.
The company can use the departure as an opportunity to bring in new blood, with new ideas and perspectives. And the executive can use the time away from the company to gain new skills and knowledge, which can be beneficial when they return to the corporate world.
1. When Liam McGee left Bank of America, he _.
A. tried to find a position in a teaching job
B. was open about his departure reason
C. covered his exit with a vague excuse
D. left without any plan for the future
2. The phrase "under a cloud" (Line 2, Para. 2) probably means _.
A. in a difficult situation
B. in a hidden way
C. in a private situation
D. in a disappointed way
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. All executives who leave their positions are doing so for positive reasons.
B. Executives who leave to pursue their passion can bring benefits to both themselves and the company.
C. Googles Schmidt was passionate about business management.
D. The best - led companies are those in which high - level executives are not passionate about the business.
4. The main idea of the passage is _.
A. executives should be passionate about their business
B. executives departure can be a strategic choice for a CEO
C. executives who leave their positions are always fired for performance reasons
D. executives departure can be beneficial to the company
考研備考英語真題 5
Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.
In the United States, the first day - nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the _1_ half of the 19th century; most of _2_ were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U.S., the day - nursery movement received great _3_ during the First World War, when _4_ of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established _5_ in munitions plants, under direct government sponsorship. _6_ the number of nurseries in the U.S. also rose _7_, this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, _8_, Federal, State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control _9_ the day - nurseries, chiefly by _10_ them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within them.
The _11_ of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day - nurseries in almost all countries, as women were _12_ called upon to replace men in the factories. On this _13_ the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, _14_ $6,000,000 in July 1942, for a nursery - school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities _15_ this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared for in day - nurseries receiving Federal _16_.
The postwar boom of the economy led to another _17_ in the number of day - nurseries in the United States. This rise was _18_ due to the increasing number of married women in the labor force, but also to the fact that, in many areas, the cost of living had risen so _19_ that a single - income family could no longer afford to keep a child at home. Today, day - nurseries are _20_ throughout the United States, and they are an important part of the American educational system.
1. A. latter B. late C. other D. first
2. A. those B. them C. whose D. which
3. A. impetus B. input C. imitation D. initiative
4. A. sources B. abundance C. shortage D. reduction
5. A. hardly B. entirely C. only D. even
6. A. Because B. As C. Since D. Although
7. A. unanimously B. sharply C. predominantly D. militantly
8. A. therefore B. consequently C. however D. moreover
9. A. over B. in C. at D. about
10. A. formulating B. labeling C. patenting D. licensing
11. A. outset B. outbreak C. breakthrough D. breakdown
12. A. again B. thus C. repeatedly D. yet
13. A. circumstance B. occasion C. case D. situation
14. A. regulating B. summoning C. allocating D. transferring
15. A. expanded B. facilitated C. supplemented D. compensated
16. A. pensions B. subsidies C. revenues D. budgets
17. A. increase B. growth C. rise D. boost
18. A. not B. just C. only D. solely
19. A. suddenly B. abundantly C. predominantly D. sharply
20. A. scattered B. separated C. spread D. dispensed
Answers:
1. A. “l(fā)atter”表示“后者的；較后的”，在19世紀(jì)的后半葉，所以選A。
2. B. 這里指代前面的“nurseries”，在介詞后面用賓格形式“them”，選B。
3. A. “impetus”意為“動(dòng)力；促進(jìn)”，日托所運(yùn)動(dòng)得到很大的推動(dòng)，A正確。
4. C. 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，人力“短缺”導(dǎo)致大量女性就業(yè)，C符合語境。
5. D. 表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系，在一些歐洲國(guó)家，日托所在軍工廠“甚至”建立起來了，D正確。
6. D. 這里表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，“雖然”美國(guó)日托所數(shù)量也增加了，但是沒有政府援助，D正確。
7. B. “sharply”表示“急劇地；大幅度地”，數(shù)量急劇上升，B正確。
8. C. 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，“然而”，C正確。
9. A. “control over...”是固定搭配，對(duì)...的控制，A正確。
10. D. “l(fā)icensing”有“頒發(fā)執(zhí)照；準(zhǔn)許”的意思，通過給日托所頒發(fā)執(zhí)照來進(jìn)行管理，D正確。
11. B. “outbreak”指“（戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)等的）爆發(fā)”，第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)，B正確。
12. A. 女性“再次”被號(hào)召去工廠代替男性，A正確。
13. B. “on this occasion”是固定搭配，表示“在這個(gè)時(shí)候；在這種情況下”，B正確。
14. C. “allocating”有“分配；撥出”的意思，美國(guó)政府撥出資金，C正確。
15. C. “supplemented”表示“補(bǔ)充；增補(bǔ)”，許多州和地方社區(qū)補(bǔ)充了聯(lián)邦援助，C正確。
16. B. “subsidies”意為“補(bǔ)貼；津貼”，日托所接受聯(lián)邦補(bǔ)貼，B正確。
17. C. “rise”與前面的.“increase”相呼應(yīng)，表示數(shù)量的增加，C正確。
18. C. “not only...but also...”是固定搭配，這里表示不僅由于...而且由于...，C正確。
19. D. “sharply”表示“急劇地”，生活成本急劇上升，D正確。
20. C. “spread”有“分布；傳播”的意思，日托所在美國(guó)各地分布，C正確。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.
Text 1
The concept of "e - waste" is becoming more and more important as the amount of electronic products in use continues to grow. E - waste refers to electronic products that are no longer wanted or are at the end of their useful life. This includes everything from old cell phones and computers to televisions and printers.
One of the main problems with e - waste is that it contains many hazardous substances, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium. If these substances are not disposed of properly, they can contaminate the environment and pose a risk to human health. For example, lead can cause damage to the nervous system, especially in children.
Another issue is the waste of valuable resources. Electronic products are made up of a variety of materials, including precious metals like gold, silver, and platinum. When e - waste is simply thrown away, these valuable resources are lost.
In response to these problems, many countries have started to implement e - waste management programs. These programs typically involve the collection, recycling, and proper disposal of e - waste. Some countries also require manufacturers to take back their old products for recycling.
However, there are still challenges in e - waste management. One challenge is the lack of awareness among consumers. Many people are not aware of the environmental and health risks associated with e - waste and do not take the necessary steps to dispose of it properly. Another challenge is the complexity of recycling electronic products. Different components of electronic products need to be separated and processed in different ways, which requires specialized technology and facilities.
1. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. To introduce the concept of e - waste and the problems and solutions related to it.
B. To emphasize the importance of precious metals in electronic products.
C. To criticize consumers for their lack of awareness of e - waste.
D. To promote the development of e - waste management programs.
2. According to the passage, which of the following substances in e - waste can be harmful to human health?
A. Gold
B. Silver
C. Lead
D. Platinum
3. What is one of the challenges in e - waste management?
A. There are too many e - waste management programs.
B. Manufacturers are not willing to recycle their old products.
C. Consumers lack awareness of e - waste disposal.
D. Recycling e - waste is too profitable.
4. The passage implies that recycling e - waste is difficult because _.
A. it contains too many precious metals
B. different components require different processing methods
C. there are not enough recycling facilities
D. consumers are not interested in recycling
Answers:
1. A. The passage first introduces the concept of e - waste, then discusses the problems (hazardous substances and resource waste) and solutions (management programs) related to it, so A is correct.
2. C. The passage clearly states that lead in e - waste can be harmful to human health, especially the nervous system of children, so C is correct.
3. C. One of the challenges mentioned in the passage is the lack of awareness among consumers regarding e - waste disposal, so C is correct.
4. B. The passage mentions that different components of electronic products need to be separated and processed in different ways, which makes recycling e - waste difficult, so B is correct.
Text 2
For decades, the American middle class has been shrinking. The reasons for this are complex and multifaceted.
One major factor is globalization. With the growth of international trade, many manufacturing jobs in the United States have been outsourced to countries with lower labor costs. For example, the textile and furniture industries have seen a significant decline in the number of domestic jobs as companies have moved production overseas. This has had a direct impact on the middle - class workers who were previously employed in these industries.
Technological change is another important factor. Automation and computerization have replaced many routine jobs. For instance, in the banking industry, many teller jobs have been eliminated as customers increasingly use ATMs and online banking services. These technological advancements have led to a polarization of the job market, with high - skilled, high - paying jobs on one end and low - skilled, low - paying jobs on the other end, leaving fewer opportunities for middle - class employment.
Changes in the education system also play a role. The United States has been facing challenges in providing quality education that prepares students for the modern job market. There is a growing gap between the skills that employers need and the skills that graduates possess. This has made it difficult for many Americans to secure middle - class jobs that require a certain level of education and training.
In addition, government policies have had an impact. Tax policies, for example, have sometimes favored the wealthy, while social welfare policies may not have been sufficient to support the struggling middle class.
5. What is the main topic of this passage?
A. The growth of the American middle class.
B. The reasons for the shrinking of the American middle class.
C. The impact of globalization on the American economy.
D. The importance of education for the middle class.
6. According to the passage, which industry has been affected by outsourcing?
A. The banking industry.
B. The technology industry.
C. The textile industry.
D. The education industry.
7. How has technological change affected the job market?
A. It has created more middle - class jobs.
B. It has only eliminated low - skilled jobs.
C. It has led to a polarization of the job market.
D. It has increased the demand for tellers in the banking industry.
8. The passage suggests that the American education system _.
A. has been very successful in preparing students for jobs
B. has no impact on the middle - class employment
C. has some problems in providing relevant skills
D. only focuses on high - skilled education
Answers:
5. B. The passage focuses on explaining the various reasons for the shrinking of the American middle class, so B is correct.
6. C. The passage mentions that the textile industry has been affected by outsourcing as manufacturing jobs have been moved overseas, so C is correct.
7. C. Technological change has led to a polarization of the job market with high - and low - skilled jobs at the two ends, reducing middle - class job opportunities, so C is correct.
8. C. The passage implies that the American education system has challenges in providing skills relevant to the modern job market, so C is correct.
Text 3
The sharing economy has emerged as a significant economic phenomenon in recent years. Platforms like Airbnb and Uber have become household names, revolutionizing the way we think about accommodation and transportation.
One of the main advantages of the sharing economy is the efficient use of resources. For example, Airbnb allows homeowners to rent out their spare rooms or entire homes when they are not in use. This not only provides extra income for the homeowners but also makes use of the under - utilized housing resources. Similarly, Uber matches drivers with passengers, making use of the idle time of private cars and reducing the need for more taxis on the road.
The sharing economy also offers more choices to consumers. Instead of being limited to traditional hotels, travelers can now choose from a wide variety of unique accommodations through Airbnb. And passengers can have more options for getting around with services like Uber and Lyft.
However, the sharing economy also faces challenges. One of the biggest challenges is regulation. Traditional industries such as hotels and taxis are highly regulated, but the sharing economy operates in a relatively unregulated space. This has led to concerns about issues such as safety, insurance, and fair competition. For example, there have been questions about the safety of some Airbnb properties and the insurance coverage of Uber drivers.
Another challenge is the impact on workers rights. Many sharing - economy workers, such as Uber drivers and Airbnb hosts, are considered independent contractors rather than employees. This means they may not be entitled to benefits such as health insurance, paid vacation, and minimum wage protection.
9. What is the main idea of this passage?
A. To promote the sharing economy.
B. To introduce the sharing economy and discuss its advantages and challenges.
C. To criticize the sharing economy for its negative impacts.
D. To compare the sharing economy with traditional industries.
10. According to the passage, how does Airbnb contribute to the efficient use of resources?
A. By building more new houses.
B. By buying unused houses.
C. By renting out unused housing resources.
D. By selling homeowners spare rooms.
11. What is one of the challenges faced by the sharing economy?
A. It has too many regulations.
B. It is not popular with consumers.
C. It lacks proper regulation.
D. It has no impact on traditional industries.
12. The passage implies that sharing - economy workers _.
A. enjoy better benefits than traditional employees
B. are fully protected by workers rights laws
C. may lack some employee - related benefits
D. are not important to the sharing economy
Answers:
9. B. The passage first introduces the sharing economy and then elaborates on its advantages and challenges, so B is correct.
10. C. Airbnb contributes to resource efficiency by renting out homeowners spare rooms or entire homes when they are not in use, so C is correct.
11. C. One of the challenges of the sharing economy is the lack of proper regulation, so C is correct.
12. C. The passage implies that sharing - economy workers, being considered independent contractors, may lack benefits like health insurance, paid vacation, etc., so C is correct.
Text 4
In recent years, there has been a growing trend towards urban farming. People are starting to grow fruits, vegetables, and even raise small livestock in urban areas.
There are several reasons for this trend. One reason is the increasing awareness of food safety and the desire for fresh, locally - sourced food. Many people are concerned about the pesticides and other chemicals used in commercial farming and prefer to grow their own food to ensure its quality.
Another reason is the environmental benefits. Urban farming can help reduce the carbon footprint associated with transporting food from rural areas to cities. It can also make use of vacant urban land, turning it into productive green spaces. For example, some cities have converted abandoned lots into community gardens.
Urban farming also has social benefits. It can bring communities together as people work together in community gardens or share their farming experiences. It can also provide educational opportunities for children, teaching them about where food comes from and how to grow it.
However, urban farming also faces some challenges. Space is a major constraint in urban areas. There is limited land available for farming, and it can be expensive to acquire. In addition, there may be zoning regulations that restrict farming activities in certain areas. Another challenge is water management. Ensuring an adequate and sustainable water supply for urban farms can be difficult.
13. What is the main topic of this passage?
A. The decline of commercial farming.
B. The trend of urban farming and its reasons and challenges.
C. The environmental problems in urban areas.
D. The importance of food safety.
14. According to the passage, why do people prefer urban farming?
A. To make more money.
B. To avoid buying food from rural areas.
C. For food safety and fresh food.
D. To compete with commercial farmers.
15. Which of the following is an environmental benefit of urban farming?
A. Increasing the use of pesticides.
B. Reducing the carbon footprint of food transportation.
C. Using more land for building houses.
D. Producing more waste.
16. One of the challenges of urban farming is _.
A. too much available land
B. lack of water management
C. no zoning regulations
D. high popularity among people
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