英語中的句子的類型
狀語從句： 狀語從句 Adverbial Clause，從句用作狀語稱為狀語從句。根據(jù)用途，狀語從句可分為時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、條件、方式、讓步、結(jié)果、目的、比較等狀語從句。
1、 時(shí)間狀語從句 時(shí)間狀語從句表示時(shí)間，常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有when, until, as, after, before, once, since, as soon as, whenever,no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely/barely…when, the moment, every time等等。
1) When you croa main road, you must be careful.
2) He went out to play football after he had finished his homework.
3) Wait until you are called.
4) I can't recognize you. You are so changed since last we met.
5) He is so terrible once he is drunk.
(2) 地點(diǎn)狀語從句地點(diǎn)狀語從句表示地點(diǎn)，常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有where, wherever等。
1) Put it where you found it.
2) Sit down wherever you like.
(3). 原因狀語從句原因狀語從句表示原因或理由，常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有because, as, since,for,, now that, considering that(由于考慮到)等。
1) I eat ice-cream so much because I like sweet food.
2) As I didn't know the way, I asked a policeman.
3) Since you won't help me, I'll ask someone else.
(4) 條件狀語從句條件狀語從句表示真實(shí)的或現(xiàn)實(shí)的條件，引導(dǎo)從句所用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有if, unless, suppose, in case(that), in the event (that), as (so) long as，provided/providing that, on condition that等等。
1.If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman.
2.You'll be late, unleyou hurry.
3.Suppose we are late, what will he say? (suppose從句必須放在主句之前) 我們?nèi)绻t到了，他會說什么?
4.In the event that our team wins, there will be a party.
5.In case it rains, do not expect me. 如果下雨，就不要等我了。
6.He will do anything as(so) long as it is interesting. 只要好玩，他什么都愿意做。
(5). 方式狀語從句方式狀語從句表示動作的方式，回答How的問題，常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞as, as if, as though, the way(that), in the way(that)等引導(dǎo)，一般置于主語之后。
Do as I say. I did just as you told me.照我說的去做。我就是照你說的去做的。
He acts as if/as though he were the owner.他行為舉止好象是這兒的主人似的。
They did it in a way that I had never seen before.他們以我從沒見過的方式行事。
I was never allowed to sing the way I wanted to.我從未被允許用自己想用的方式唱歌。
(6) 讓步狀語從句讓步狀語從句表示“雖然、盡管、即使”等概念，使句子具有對比的因素。常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有although, though, even if, even though,whether, as, however, while, no matter+特殊疑問詞，特殊疑問詞+ever
1) Although you feel very ill right now, this is still a common disease.
2) We intend to go U.S., even if air fares are expensive.
3) I wouldn’t go to see the new movie no matter who recommends it.
(7) 結(jié)果狀語從句 結(jié)果狀語從句表示結(jié)果， 常由連詞so…that, such(a/an)…that, so that, such that等引導(dǎo)，置于主語之后。
1)She was so frightened about the dog that she cried.
2)The news worried him so much that he didn't sleep at all for the whole night.
3)They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.
4)We arrived early, so that we got good seats.
(8)目的狀語從句 目的狀語從句表示目的，回答what for或 for what purpose的問題，常用關(guān)聯(lián)詞so that, in order that，lest等引導(dǎo)，一般置于主語之后。目的狀語從句中的謂語動詞常由“情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形”構(gòu)成
1) We arrived early so that we could get good seats.
2) Ships carry lifeboats so that people can escape if the ship sinks.
3)They wrote the notice in several languages so that foreigners could understand it.
(9)比較狀語從句 常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有as, than, as…as, not so…as, the more…the more
1)Air is to men as water is to fish.
2) The more civilized a man becomes, the lehe is limited by the disadvantage of his environment.
(三)定語從句 定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞(關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞)引出。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等
(1)關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語、表語等成分。
1)先行詞指人，關(guān)系代詞用who, whom, that，這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個(gè)人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2)先行詞指物， 關(guān)系代詞用which, that，它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)
3) Whose 用來指人或物，(只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換)，
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pame the book whose cover is green.
=Please pame the bok the cover of which is green.
=Please pame the book of which the cover is green.
請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
4) 只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況
a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用 which。
c)先行詞有the only, the very修飾時(shí)，只用that。
d)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時(shí)，只用that。
e)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí),只用that。
(2)關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句先行詞是指時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，引導(dǎo)詞可用關(guān)系副詞并在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why 是關(guān)系副詞，它們的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用.
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)怎樣判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞
方法一：用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面跟賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞;而不及物動詞后不跟賓語，則要求用關(guān)系副詞。
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。
方法二：準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?
A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分為表語(也是先行詞)，而where, that, on which都不能起到先行詞的'作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，而關(guān)系代詞在賓語從句中作賓語，我們就可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選A。
所以關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語，when 時(shí)間狀語，why 原因狀語) 。
(3). 限制性和非限制性定語從句
1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，
This is the house which we bought last month.這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買的。
(非限制性)
2) 非限制性定語從句出了能修飾一個(gè)先行詞外，還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞多用which或 as.
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝�，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。
注意：as, which 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，相當(dāng)于and this或and that，As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to u
as可引導(dǎo)非限制性從句，常含有'正如'的意思。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
(4). 先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一
我們還會碰到一些先行詞和關(guān)系詞合二為一的情況， 如：
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. ( 劃線部分為主語從句 但Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替，因此Anyone who spits in public will be punished here.中， 劃線部分又成了定語從句)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
還有如 what = the thing that;whatever = anything that
who= the person that whoever= anyone who
(錯(cuò))Who breaks the law will be punished.
(錯(cuò))Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
(對)Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
(對)Who robbed the bank is not clear.
注意：that 和 what的用法
1)當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，通常用作關(guān)系代詞并在從句中充當(dāng)成分，而在引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)，that是個(gè)不充當(dāng)任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句中可省，而在表語從句，主語從句和同位語中的that不可省略。What只能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句， 用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。
That the world’s first compawas invented by the Chinese people is a well-known historical fact.
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
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